Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) - A Comparison of Shared Traits and Distinct Characteristics

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) - A Comparison of Shared Traits and Distinct Characteristics

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that are commonly seen in children and adults. These conditions can present challenges in various aspects of life, including social, work, and school settings.

ADHD: Symptoms and Diagnosis

ADHD is characterized by symptoms that centre around three pillars: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptoms of inattention include an inability to focus, disorganization, and an inability to stay on task. Symptoms of hyperactivity include an inability to sit still, constant fidgeting, restlessness, and talking too much when not appropriate. Symptoms of impulsivity include acting without thinking, difficulty with self-control, desiring immediate reward, and an inability to delay pleasure.

Diagnosing ADHD can be challenging as there's no single diagnostic test. Symptoms must exist before age 12 years, several symptoms must happen in at least two settings, and symptoms must interfere with social, work, or school life. In children, the criteria for diagnosis require six or more symptoms, while for adults (ages 17 years and older), only five signs are required.

ODD: Symptoms and Diagnosis

ODD is a childhood disruptive behavior disorder involving difficulty with self-control when expressing emotions and behaviors. Symptoms of ODD, according to the DSM-5, include a persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentativeness, defiance, and vindictiveness towards others.

Diagnosing ODD requires a healthcare professional to look for at least four symptoms to exist most days for at least 6 months in children. It's important to note that ODD frequently occurs in those diagnosed with ADHD.

Comorbidity and Treatment

The comorbidity of ADHD and ODD occurs in about 60% of people diagnosed with ADHD. This means that many individuals may experience symptoms of both conditions. In children, both ODD and ADHD are complex disorders and may require combination treatment.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) works well to supplement family and school-based therapies for ADHD and ODD. Psychostimulants, nonstimulants, alpha-2 agonists, and atomoxetine may also help manage symptoms of ADHD and ODD.

Seeking Help

If you feel your child may have symptoms of ADHD and ODD, it may be best to talk with a primary care doctor who can refer you to specialists if necessary. Specialists who focus specifically on ADHD and ODD diagnosis and treatment in children and adults are typically child and adolescent psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, pediatric neurologists, and sometimes developmental pediatricians or behavioral pediatricians.

Resources and Support

More help and resources are available for those living with ODD and ADHD than ever before. If you're supporting a loved one who is dealing with these disorders, consider available resources to be present for yourself and be more supportive as your loved ones begin to thrive with their diagnoses.

Read also:

• Understanding Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis: Key Facts
• Stopping Osteoporosis Treatment: Timeline Considerations
• Tobacco industry's suggested changes on a legislative modification are disregarded by health journalists
• Expanded Community Health Involvement by CK Birla Hospitals, Jaipur, Maintained Through Consistent Outreach Programs Across Rajasthan