Electronic High-Definition Vehicles Deployment and Its Effect on Power Networks

In a strategic move towards a carbon-neutral Europe, the European Green Deal outlines a plan for the complete decarbonization of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles (HDEVs), following a similar approach for passenger cars. This position paper, focused on HDEVs, complements a previous ENTSO-E paper from 2021 on the integration of electric vehicles into power grids.

The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) considers electromobility crucial for decarbonizing the transportation sector. Among various alternative fuels for HDEVs, battery-operated vehicles are the dominant choice due to the maturity of their supply chain. Battery HDVs are expected to play a significant role in reducing road vehicle emissions, as approximately 30% of these emissions come from buses and trucks.

The strategy involves using emission-neutral fuels in internal combustion engines or transitioning to electric engines powered by batteries or hydrogen fuel cells. Fuel-cell HDVs are considered uncertain but might find applications in long-haul road transport. Internal combustion engine HDVs running on biofuels are deemed applicable in specific use cases but are expected to be limited in volume, posing minimal impact on the power system.

The paper recommends coordinated actions by various stakeholders, including vehicle and battery manufacturers, charging operators, energy aggregators, logistic operators, fleet managers, and regulators. These actions involve collaboration between policymakers, industry players, infrastructure providers, and logistics operators under current European initiatives like the Automotive Action Plan and partnerships such as ALICE.

The fast-evolving European policy frameworks require adaptive strategies to successfully navigate the integration of HDEVs, charging infrastructure, and associated technologies. Transmission System Operators (TSOs) face significant implications from the shift in HDEV technologies, including effects on grid planning, operation, and energy system operation. The recharging infrastructure and on-site electrolysers for fuel cell vehicles require coordination in deployment and operation, involving considerations such as grid reinforcements, smart charging, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capabilities, and the integration of digitalized and interoperable chargers.

The balance between battery and fuel-cell HDV adoption depends on technological readiness and consumer preferences. ENTSO-E emphasizes the importance of optimal integration between vehicles and the grid to enhance overall efficiency. The paper introduces a taxonomy of charging use cases, evaluating their impact on electric grids and the broader power system.

Recent EU legislation, such as the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation and the revision of CO2 emission performance standards for HDVs, reflects a commitment to these goals. The paper also underscores the urgency of coordinated efforts among these stakeholders to address emerging technologies and trends in Zero-Emission HDEVs.

Access to more than 700 EV Market Insights is available via www.EVMarketsReports.com, the world's largest e-Mobility Reports and Outlooks database. The collaborative approach aims to optimize the benefits of electromobility, contribute to decarbonization, and ensure the resilience and efficiency of the power system in the pursuit of a sustainable and carbon-neutral future for Europe.