Indigenous Understanding of Animal Species among the Maori People
In the heart of Aotearoa, New Zealand, a unique perspective on biology and the natural world emerges from the Maori culture. This perspective, known as Whakapapa, serves as an alternative to evolutionary theory, intertwining the phylogeny of dogs, rats, and humans with a deep-rooted sense of ancestry and connection.
A group of esteemed Māori scientists, including Dr. Mere Berryman, Dr. Te Taka Keegan, and Dr. Turoa Royal, have been instrumental in the creation of the resource pack "Ngā Kararehe o Aotearoa: He Mātauranga, he Matatika". This comprehensive guide delves into the rich Maori knowledge of animals and the intricate web of Whakapapa that underpins it.
The Maori cosmos is structured around dualities that permeate various levels, a structure reinforced by traditional narratives. These narratives often tell of primal ecological battles that help explain the natural world encountered by Maori ancestors.
Animals in Aotearoa are categorised into six groups, each with its own unique characteristics and significance. Kuri (dog) and Kiore (rat) are the first two categories, as they were purposely brought across the Pacific Ocean by the voyaging ancestors of Maori. The other four categories are based on Whakapapa and the ancestors of animals.
Nga manu a Tanamahuta, the avian category, includes familiar birds such as piwakawaka (fantail), tui, kereru (wood pigeon), ruru (morepork), kotare (kingfisher), titi (silvereye), and toroa (albatross). Nga ika a Tangaroa, the marine category, includes mako and tohora (sharks).
Maori knowledge of animals is deeply connected to the concepts of tapu and mana. Making a new fishing net, for instance, was an activity governed by the law of tapu, which dictated how people behaved in relation to that activity. A successful hunter or fisher held mana, demonstrating their ability to turn the power of nature to their own ends.
The concept of Whakapapa is represented by the double spiral motif called takarangi. Each generation is represented by a notch between the two spiral lines, symbolising the continuous flow of life and ancestry. This organising principle of reality in Maori culture is a testament to the deep respect and understanding the Maori people have for their heritage and the natural world.
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